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HEART ON A CHIP IS NOW A REALITY

Harvard University researchers have made the first entirely 3D-printed organ on a chip with integrated sensing. Built by a fully automated, digital manufacturing procedure, the 3D-printed heart on a chip can be quickly fabricated and customized, allowing researchers to easily collect reliable data for short-term and long-term studies.

This new approach to manufacturing may one day allow researchers to rapidly design organs-on-chips, also known as micro physiological systems, that match the properties of specific disease or even an individual patent's cells.

"Our micro fabrication approach opens new avenues for in vitro tissue engineering, toxicology and drug screening research," said Kit Parker, tar family Professor of Bio engineering and Applied physics at SEAS, who coauthored the study. Parker is also a core faculty Member of the WYSS INSTITUTE.

                                                           3-D Printed heart on a chip
                                                   
                                                             
Organs-on-chips mimic the structure and function of native tissue and have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional animal testing. Harvard researcher have developed micro physiological systems that mimic the micro architecture and functions of lungs, heart, tongues and intestines.

The researchers developed six different inks that integrated soft strain sensors within the micro architecture of the tissue. In a single, continuous procedure, the team 3D printed those materials into a cardiac micro physiological device a heart on a chip with integrated sensors.



The researchers developed six different inks that integrated soft strain sensors within the micro-architecture  of the tissue. In a single, continuous procedure, the team 3D printed those materials into a cardiac micro physiological device — a heart on a chip — with integrated sensors.


Facts About Human Heart.

In average lifetime,the human heart will beat more than 2.5 billion times.

The heart pumps about 1 billion barrel of blood during an average lifetime enough to fill than 3 supertanker

Because the heart has its own electrical impulse,it can continue to beat even when separated from the body,as long it has an adequate supply of oxygen.

The heart of an average man beats approximately 70 times a minute,whereas the average woman has heart rate of 78 times beats per minute.

When the body is at rest,it takes only six seconds for the blood to go from the heart to the lungs and back, only eight seconds for it to go to brain and back,and only 16 seconds for it to reach the toes and travel all the way and back to the heart.


                                                                                           
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BAD MEMORIES COULD SOON BE "DELETED" FROM OUR MIND.

Memory-zapping devices like those in "Men in Black" and "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" could soon be a thing of the past (if they were ever a thing at all), as researchers have now discovered a much cheaper and less complicated way to erase unwanted memories. According to a new study that appears in the journal Psychonomic Buetllin and Review, the key to forgetting could lie in simply changing the way we think about the “context” surrounding our memories.

Context is quite a broad thing that can be hard to pin down. Essentially, it refers to everything else that’s going on around a particular event, and, according to the study authors, has a huge influence over how memories are “organized and retrieved” by the brain. For example, if you happen to have a bad experience after drinking too much tequila (itself a pretty effective memory eraser), then it’s likely that the very thought of taking another shot of the stuff will dig up unpleasant memories of that experience.

While you’ll probably only have yourself to blame for getting too drunk and putting yourself in a particular spirit, people who experience more serious distressing events can sometimes develop post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), whereby certain contextual cues cause them to relive painful memories. If sufferers can learn to dissociate these memories from their context, however, it may be possible to alleviate their PTSD.

To test whether this is possible, researchers from Princeton University and Dartmouth College subjected volunteers to a memory test, in which they were shown a list of words that they were told either to memorize or forget. In between viewing each word, they were shown an image of a natural landscape, such as a mountain or a forest, in the hope that they would automatically associate the memory of the words with this contextual cue.

People who experience distressing events often suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder

While this was going on, the researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe participants’ brain activity, noting the neural patterns that occurred as they encoded these contextual images.

Subjects were then asked to try and recall the word lists, while researchers once again measured their brain activity using fMRI. Results showed that those who had been told to remember the lists tended to replay the same neural patterns associated with context when recalling the words, indicating that the memory and its context had become intertwined in their brains.

However, those who did not remember the lists did not repeat this neural pattern when unsuccessfully attempting to recall the words, suggesting that the event and its context had not become entangled in their minds. Importantly, the degree to which this contextual recall was diminished correlated directly to participants’ ability to remember the words from the list.

Lead researcher Jeremy Manning explained in a statement that this process is similar to “pushing thoughts of your grandmother's cooking out of your mind if you don't want to think about your grandmother at that moment.” Having now identified this as a mechanism for forgetting, he hopes to see his work used as a platform to develop a range of new memory therapies.

“For example, we might want to forget a traumatic event, such as soldiers with PTSD. Or we might want to get old information 'out of our head,' so we can focus on learning new material,” he said.

                                                                                                             

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SCIENTISTS ARE ABLE TO FORM HYDROGEN INTO METAL.

A team of scientists say they have successfully turned hydrogen into a metal, potentially confirming a prediction made 80 years ago.

In 1935, scientists predicted that the element hydrogen could become a metal if subjected to enough pressure. Teams have been attempting to confirm the prediction ever since, but have not been able to construct a vise capable of squeezing the element enough without breaking the equipment.

But a team of scientists at Harvard University published a paper this week in the peer-reviewed journal Science saying they managed to squeeze hydrogen in a diamond vise to the point that the element became reflective, a key property of metals.

The study is not merely a parlor trick. Metallic hydrogen is thought to be a superconductor, meaning it could conduct electricity without any resistance. Electricity traveling through normal circuits loses energy to resistance overtime, often in the form of heat. This is why it is harder to send electrical currents (say, through the electricity grid) over long distances than short ones. But a current traveling through a superconducting material loses nearly zero energy.

Superconductive metals are used to make the magnets for devices such as hospital MRI machines and particle accelerators such as CERN. The trouble with many superconductors is that the materials now used need to be cooled to extremely low temperatures in order to work, which is expensive.

It is also possible that metallic hydrogen material may be "meta stable," according to Science Magazine. This means that, once formed, it may retain its metallic properties even at normal temperatures and pressure levels, like diamonds. If so, it could conduct electricity at nearly 100 percent efficiency in normal conditions. Again, this could dramatically reduce the costs of transferring electrical currents, meaning more powerful and efficient electric motors, and a far more efficient electrical grid.

Scientists have been searching for such a material almost as long as they have known about superconductivity.

Of course, the study has its critics. Eugene Gregoryanz, a physicist at the University of Edinburgh, told Science Magazine he sees a several problems with the experiment's procedures.

"The word garbage cannot really describe it," said Gregoryanz, of the experiment.

The video below, from Harvard, discusses the discovery in detail:

                                              SOURCE: HARVARD UNIVERSITY

                                                                                          

                                                                                              

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INDIA LAUNCHES RECORD-BREAKING 104 SATELLITE ON A SINGLE ROCKET. 

On 15th Feb, a four-stage Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle will blast off from India’s southern spaceport with 104 satellites on board. Should all go well, the Indian Space Research Organization will establish a new satellite delivery record for a single mission—and by a long shot.

The previous record is held by Russia, which delivered 37 satellites into orbit during a single mission back in 2014. The NASA record is 29, which it accomplished in 2013, and the previous Indian record is 20 satellites in one go, which it set last year. With its planned 104-satellite launch, India’s frugal space agency is set to make a statement as it continues to weave its way into the international space scene.

The launch was scheduled for 9:28 local time at the Sriharikota spaceport. At the top of the 144-foot-tall PSLV rocket are 104 individual satellites, including an Indian-built, Earth observing Cartosat -2 Series Satellite weighing 1,574 pounds (714 kg), and 103 nano satellites totaling 1,463 (664 kg). In total, the rocket will deliver 3,038 pounds (1,378 kg) worth of satellites into Low Earth Orbit (LEO). This rocket is capable of delivering 3,860 pounds of payload to LEO, so it’ll be carrying nearly 80 percent of its total payload capacity. This mission will mark the PSLV’s 39th trip to space, in what is turning out to be a dependable, workhorse rocket for ISRO.

In terms of who owns and operates the nano satellites, Israel, Kazakhstan, Switzerland, and the United Arab Emirates each have one, India has two, and the United States has 96. ISRO charges a handsome fee for these deliveries, which, given the growing market for mobile phones, internet, and other satellite-dependent industries, is becoming a lucrative business.

Needless to say, getting 104 satellites into orbit—67 more than the previous record—won’t be easy. “All the satellites will be put in the same orbit, which poses a different challenge,” noted ISRO chairman A.S. Kiran Kumar in a statement, adding that no maneuvering will be done during the mission. Once these satellites are dispatched, they’ll be on their own.

With this mission, ISRO continues to break new ground, especially in terms of its ability to plan and deploy low-cost missions. In 2013,the space agency sent a satellite to Mars at a cost of $73 million, which is about $600 million less than a similar NASA mission to the Red Planet. Looking ahead, India’s space agency hopes to visit Jupiter and Venus.







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NASA DISCOVERED EARTH HAS A SECOND MOON.

NASA has declared that Earth appears to have a second moon that has been orbiting around our planet for nearly a century.
This second moon doesn’t quite resemble the one we’re used to seeing in the starry night sky, however. Actually an asteroid, it has been discovered in an orbit around the sun that keeps it as a constant companion of Earth, and will continue to do so for centuries.
This new asteroid, called 2016 HO3 and, is too distant to be considered a true satellite of our planet, but is the best and most stable example of a near-Earth companion we’ve yet to come across.

“Since 2016 HO3 loops around our planet, but never ventures very far away as we both go around the sun, we refer to it as a quasi-satellite of Earth,” explained Paul Chodas, manager of NASA’s Center for Near-Earth Object (NEO) Studies at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. “One other asteroid — 2003 YN107 — followed a similar orbital pattern for a while over 10 years ago, but it has since departed our vicinity. This new asteroid is much more locked onto us. Our calculations indicate 2016 HO3 has been a stable quasi-satellite of Earth for almost a century, and it will continue to follow this pattern as Earth’s companion for centuries to come”



This second “moon,” discovered by the Pan-STARRS 1 asteroid survey telescope located in Haleakala, Hawaii, is tilted at eight degrees, which is considered to be highly elliptical. This makes it able to travel within the ranges of 38 to 100 times the distance of our “first moon.”

The asteroid makes its way around the sun for 365.93 days, slightly longer than Earth’s 365.24. It spans about 40 meters across and is about 100 meters wide. Expected to never get closer than about 14 million kilometers from Earth, scientists believe 2016 HO3 will never stray off its course more than 40 million kilometers.




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